Genetic Testing and Counseling in Pregnancy Essay Example for Free

Hereditary Testing and Counseling in Pregnancy Essay For some ladies, pregnancy is met with energy. In any case, for a couple of couples, the pregnancy can take a totally extraordinary turn when the embryo is resolved to be burdened with Tay-Sachs ailment. This is a hereditary condition, normally found in Caucasians, and principally those of Jewish plummet, and creates in 25% of situations when the two guardians convey the passive quality (National Tay-Sachs and Allied Diseases [NTSAD], n. d. ). Hereditary directing is a generally new idea in human services and â€Å"is the way toward helping individuals comprehend and adjust to the clinical, mental and familial ramifications of hereditary commitments to disease† (National Society of Genetic Counselors [NSGC], 2005, para. 2). For the people confronting a pregnancy including Tay-Sachs, hereditary advising is a feasible and significant alternative to consider. In any case, to guarantee quality consideration and training, hereditary guiding needs to include a group of social insurance experts from an assortment of foundations. Interdisciplinary Team Members and Their Roles in Genetic Counseling Appropriate individuals from a multi-disciplinary group for the Trosacks incorporate a hereditary mentor, a nutritionist or dietician, the high-chance OB-GYN doctor, an enrolled nurture gaining practical experience in high-hazard perinatal consideration, and an advisor spend significant time in marriage and family treatment needs. Every individual from this group will add a novel point of view to the Trosack’s case. The hereditary guide has graduate-level instruction and involvement with both clinical hereditary qualities and directing (NSGC, 2005, para. 1). Utilizing her aptitude and abilities, she will survey the clinical history for Mr. nd Mrs. Trosack, and their families, distinguish other hereditary dangers that may exist and clarify legacy designs. She will give data and assets to advance training on hereditary disarranges, so they can keep on finding out about Tay-Sachs and interface with different families confronting the malady. Notwithstanding this master data, the Trosacks will profit by a nutritionist or dietician. The nutritionist not just has exceptional preparing in the zone of nourishment, yet in addition in instructing patients about their choices and settling on nutritious decisions. As a rule, a nutritionist can â€Å"advise individuals†¦on the nourishing practices that will advance great wellbeing, [and] structure and suggest diet plans for entire families†¦including advisers for the right readiness of suppers and looking for the correct nourishments (Princeton Review, n. d. ). He will play out a sustenance evaluation, give training on extra dietary needs because of pregnancy, and even help with dinner wanting to guarantee a wellbeing pregnancy. He will proceed to evaluate and make suggestions on Mrs. Trosack’s dietary needs dependent on lab work all through the pregnancy. The patient’s generally speaking consideration is the duty of her OB-GYN, who works in high-hazard pregnancies. A high-chance OB-GYN has protracted training, residency and association history to pick up information in thinking about more seasoned patients, patients with explicit ailments and patients conveying a pregnancy that has been resolved to require particular consideration. The perinatologist isn't just fit for making analyze different obstetricians may miss, yet can likewise perform specific methodology and control drugs over the placenta (Perinatologists, n. d. ). She will survey the clinical needs of Mrs. Trosack and the hatchling all through the pregnancy, screen fetal development and improvement, request demonstrative tests varying, and give referrals to different authorities varying. Working with the doctor will be an attendant spend significant time in pre-birth customers. This medical attendant has decided to develop her nursing instruction, taking extra classes and acquiring confirmations explicit to perinatal consideration. He will survey the couple’s comprehension of pregnancy and pre-birth care at the principal visit and make an arrangement to instruct them on each phase of pregnancy and fetal advancement just as alternatives accessible during work and conveyance. Also, he will guarantee the couple understanding for each test or referral proposed by the doctor. Because of the idea of the determination, the couple will likewise profit by a marriage and family advisor in their group. The couple has just communicated irritation over the determination, and volley among forswearing and acknowledgment of the finding. Moreover, Mrs. Trosack has just communicated coerce over her outstanding task at hand and its â€Å"affect† on the infant. Mr. Trosack has communicated outrage, which can prompt disdain. The compelling feelings felt by the two gatherings should be communicated in a sound manner to safeguard their marriage, and an advisor having some expertise in family matters is a fitting facilitator. She will meet with the couple together, just as separately to survey their emotions about the pregnancy, the Tay-Sachs analysis and the sentiments they have toward one another. The treatment meetings will proceed after the introduction of their child, because of the idea of the ailment and the pressure the baby’s wellbeing will add to their lives. Showing Plan for the Initial Visit The training plan for the Trosacks’ introductory visit at the high-chance pregnancy community will incorporate the accompanying:  ·Genetic diagnosisâ€The Trosacks need to comprehend the conclusion of Tay-Sachs: how it is transmitted, the likelihood of different pregnancies testing positive, and what side effects their youngster is probably going to create. This will assist them with understanding they have done nothing incorrectly and plan for the exceptional needs their kid will have.  ·Treatmentâ€No treatment exists for the ailment itself, however the Trosacks will profit by finding out about the manifestations their youngster may create and how those indications are dealt with. They will be educated regarding approaches to keep their youngster protected and open to during the disease.  ·Prognosis as it applies to Tay-Sachsâ€The guess for juvenile Tay-Sachs is poor, with most kids getting logically more awful until their demise by age 4 or 5. The Trosacks should be educated regarding this with the goal that they can make preparationsâ€for themselves and other relatives. Since most kids grow typically until around a half year old enough, the Trosacks need to realize that a nonappearance of manifestations doesn't mean a nonattendance of the sickness (NTSAD, n. d. ). They have to realize that their time with this kid will be restricted and loaded up with specialist visits and troublesome clinical choices. With this training and notification ahead of time, they can start to talk about which medicines they may consider (drugs) and those medicines they might not have any desire to consider (taking care of cylinder).  ·Support gatherings and suitable referralsâ€With the Internet, the network of help for families with Tay-Sachs has extraordinarily extended. The Trosacks will be given data on nearby care groups just as the web networks accessible to them. They will be coordinated to the National Tay-Sachs and Allied Disease, March of Dimes and National Organization for Rare Disorders sites to associate with different families who are living with Tay-Sachs. This help will enable the Trosacks to associate with the main others who recognize what they are experiencing, share their interests unafraid of judgment, and gain from those have experienced everything by and by.  ·Pregnancy informationâ€Information on pregnancy is vital for any pregnant lady, particularly during her first pregnancy. Over the length of the pregnancy, the Trosacks will find out about how pregnancy and fetal improvement advances during every trimester, what changes Mrs. Trosack can expectâ€physically and inwardly, and manners by which Mr. Trosack can be of help to her. The principal visit will explicitly cover the advancement to date and through the finish of the primary trimester. They will see photos of the creating embryo and the manners by which Mrs. Trosack’s body is changing to suit the pregnancy. Moral Implications of Having Genetic Information Available While hereditary testing is a superb expansion to the immense range of diagnostics medication currently offers, it can achieve new moral ramifications. Regarding self-rule, hereditary testing can now and then uncover data about one’s family that was not known. For instance, a Caucasian family might be amazed to discover they are transporters for Sickle Cell malady, an illness discovered principally in African-Americans and can realize questions with respect to the family ancestry. These conversations may prompt the moral issue of apparent attacks of security for other relatives. Another model would be the quandaries that happen when there is a distinction in cultural accepts and one’s individual convictions. To begin with, â€Å"persons with a hereditary condition may incline toward not to discover that their posterity is in danger for the condition, or they may like to have posterity with a similar condition present in other family members† (Halsey Lea, Williams, Donahue, 2005, para. 15). Besides, a few people may feel it is out of line to carry an infant with oddities into the world. The aftereffects of hereditary testing in these occurrences may require choices about proceeding with pregnancy, particular end and reception. A third case of moral situations concerning hereditary data being accessible is comparable to advantage and nonmalificence. For instance, clinicians thinking about a pregnant patient discover the child she is conveying has spina bifida. The patient expresses her sister had spina bifida and that she needs to convey her infant in the network emergency clinic with a maternity specialist. The clinician presently should adjust her regard for her patient’s wishes with the worry she feels in permitting an infant with exceptional should be conceived in a domain that can't offer types of assistance that may improve the birth’s result (Halsey Lea et al. 2005). A fourth

Ethical Reasoning to Determine the Course of Action

Moral Reasoning to Determine the Course of Action Creating programming that controls the autopilot framework on a model of a business plane is enthusiastically recommendable for security reasons. Testing the framework reasonably is similarly basic. Hustling up the testing to meet the freely declared testing cutoff time may prompt trading off the unwavering quality and wellbeing of the whole airplane system.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Ethical Reasoning to Determine the Course of Action explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Various hypotheses suggest various strategies for taking care of the good dilemma. The supervisors, explorers and expert bodies reserve the option to get reliable data about the security framework introduced in the airplane. Bodies, for example, the Global Agenda Council on Space Security and Department of Defense Space Management have legitimate and moral obligations regarding guaranteeing space wellbeing. An architect likewise has the duty to demonstrate an autopilot that gets information from the Global Positioning System programming introduced in the airplane. The GPS beneficiary ought to have the option to figure the aircraft’s position in space. Furnished with such situating data gadgets, an autopilot helps keep the plane straight. Also, it helps proficiently execute the flight plans. Playing out the correct errand is fundamental. It would be ethically testing to conclude whether to execute the widespread expert requests or those of the chief or not. There are two elective activities for fathoming the issue. The principal conceivable activity is actualizing the demands.The other choice is questioning execute them. Protesting execute the amateurish requests is the best game-plan to take since it would ensure the security of those ready. The choice to question the requests complies with the guidelines of Kantianism hypothesis. The hypothesis expresses that what an individual wants to achieve and what he/she ought to achieve are frequently i ncongruent. This implies an individual may settle on choices that outcome to prompt inconvenience and despondency. Be that as it may, the choice ought to at last lead to fulfillment. The whole method of reasoning of profound quality is going in the correct direction only for it. The manager’s valuation for the aim to test the airplane properly ought to have no effect on the choice to turn down his/her solicitation. The fleeting sentiment of disappointment ought not additionally affect the choice made. Along these lines, I would take the choice to conform to the right standards and techniques and spare existences of individuals and the aircraft. Certain gatherings of individuals may differ with the choice. This might be because of their powerlessness to decide freely what is either off-base or right.Advertising Looking for paper on morals? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kant expresses that an individual decides his/he r conduct by utilizing the law of self-rule. In this manner, a choice is either off-base or right contingent upon the goal of the activity. Moreover, ethical quality is rarely relative. An individual is either ethically upstanding or not. This happens on the grounds that ethical quality isn't controlled by the result of the choice yet by the aim of the activity. Since it is unrealistic to foresee precisely the results of human activities, I would embrace the Kantianism hypothesis so as to spare the circumstance. This implies the assignment is cultivated expertly. The activity would guarantee that the partners bring about no misfortunes. In any case, on the off chance that they cause misfortunes because of the choice, I would stay placated that the aim was non-malevolent and the results were outside my ability to control. On the other hand, one would like to act dependent on the hypothesis of Consequentialism. The precision of this hypothesis is dictated by two moral standards. The p rimary standard expresses that the results of a demonstration build up whether an activity is ethically right or not. The other rule asserts that the level of predominance of the outcomes decides the scale for estimating the ethical quality of the activity. The issue with this hypothesis is that it is hard to precisely foresee the result of an activity. An individual who embraces this hypothesis can decide to agree to the requests of the chief and keep subtleties of their activity mystery. They may agree to amateurish demands and expectation that no malevolent would happen to the partners. Another gathering of individuals may like to embrace the hypothesis of Virtue Ethics. The speculation deemphasizes rules, results, and specific acts. It extraordinarily centers around the character of the entertainer. The significant factor, as indicated by this theory, is whether the individual who is acting is articulating incredible character or not. In this manner, a demonstration is viewed as right when playing out this demonstration, the individual activities, exhibits or develops a morally righteous character. Any one experiencing through comparative difficulties can depend on the hypothesis, assess the ethical character of the chief, and follow the requests, especially on the off chance that he/she is persuaded that the supervisor is ethically upstanding. Indisputably, the correct choice ought not be founded on general suppositions. The character of the manager has no immediate effect on the results of the choice. So also, the hypothesis of Consequentialism might be unessential since results of choices are affected by a bunch of components. A portion of the components are outside human ability to control. I, hence, lean toward the Kantianism hypothesis since it requires a person to assume responsibility for his/her decisions.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Ethical Reasoning to Determine the Course of Action explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/ page Learn More

The GRE Tutor How To Keep Test Strategy Fresh in Your Head

Homer knows how to prepare for the GRE. Do you? I just returned from my road trip across America to start medical school. Since I started, I’ve been thinking a lot about my memories from the trip and how I’m going to work efficiently. Medical school, by all accounts, should drown me in information: formulae, data, hideously complex diagrams covered in indecipherable latin words. So I have to find some way of staying afloat amid that flood. As an MCAT tutor, an SAT tutor, or a GRE tutor, I recognize that my students face a similar challenge of remembering a large amount of sometimes random information. The problem then becomes, how do you remember everything you’ve learned when Test Day rolls around? How can you make sure you can bring everything to bear on the test when it really counts? That’s why I’d like to share some ideas on how to help you as a GRE tutoring student cope. I believe that by following these strategies of summary and review, you can make your tutoring sessions more effective. While on the trip, I kept a daily blog where I reflected on what I’d done, what I’d seen, and what I’d thought. I managed to write a post for each day, but quite often, I would be busy, so I couldn’t get around to writing a post for the most recent day. When I wrote an entry for a recent day, everything remained very fresh in my mind, so I could more vividly describe my reactions. When I procrastinated, figuring out what was interesting took a lot more effort. Even after supplementing my memory by looking at pictures I’d taken, I’m sure that I missed ideas that I wanted to remember. I found it very effective to jot down some notes immediately after an experience. As an GRE tutor, I ask my students to become proficient in quickly tossing off an accurate 1-sentence summary of whatever they’ve just read. Over the short-term, this brief summary helps students answer questions. The same principle applies to tutoring sessions. While it may seem taxing, immediately after tutoring spend 5 minutes thinking about the most important principles of what you learned. Digest the material you’ve just reviewed with your tutor, then write a little summary. Pare it down to the barest essentials, words you will be able to hear echo in your head in the GRE testing room. While things may be clear immediately after a tutoring session, that knowledge can fade over time. If you forget how to do something between the initial point of understanding and when you review the material, then the time that you spent working is wasted. That abstract you created can also serve as a quick way to review material. This practice of summary and reflection on recently-learned material can be extremely helpful to students preparing for standardized tests or working through specific subjects. If you have questions about this technique, or any other skills that might help you work more efficiently, try speaking with a tutor. At Cambridge Coaching, our goal is simple: make sure you never encounter a question you do not immediately know how to begin. Give us a call, and see what our tried-and-true methods can do for you! ;

Aztec Origins and the Founding of Tenochtitlan

The origins of the Aztec Empire are part legend, part archaeological and historical fact. When the Spanish conquistador Hernà ¡n Cortà ©s arrived in Basin of Mexico in 1517, he found that the Aztec Triple Alliance, a strong political, economic and military pact, controlled the basin and indeed much of central America. But where did they come from, and how did they get to be so powerful? The Origins of the Aztecs The Aztecs, or, more properly, the Mexica as they called themselves, were not originally from the Valley of Mexico but rather migrated from the north. They called their homeland Aztlan, The Place of Herons., but Aztlan is a location which has not as yet been identified archaeologically and was likely at least partly mythical. According to their own records, the Mexica and other tribes were known as a group as the Chichimeca, left their homes in northern Mexico and the southwestern United States because of a great drought. This story is told in several surviving codices (painted folding books), in which the Mexica are shown carrying with them the idol of their patron deity Huitzilopochtli. After two centuries of migration, at around AD 1250, the Mexica arrived in the Valley of Mexico. Today, the Basin of Mexico is filled with the sprawling metropolis of Mexico City; but underneath the modern streets are the ruins of Tenochtitlà ¡n, the site where the Mexica settled, and the capital city for the Aztec empire. Basin of Mexico Before the Aztecs When the Aztecs arrived in the Valley of Mexico, it was far from an empty place. Because of its wealth of natural resources, the valley has been continuously occupied for thousands of years, the first known substantial occupation established at least as early as the second century BC. The Valley of Mexico lies ~2,100 meters (7,000 feet) above sea level, and it is surrounded by high mountains, some of which are active volcanoes. Water coursing down in streams from these mountains created a series of shallow, marshy lakes that provided a rich source for animals and fish, plants, salt and water for cultivation. Today the Valley of Mexico is almost entirely covered by the monstrous expansion of Mexico City: but there were ancient ruins as well as thriving communities when the Aztecs arrived, including the abandoned stone structures of two major cities: Teotihuacan and Tula, both referred to by the Aztecs as the Tollans. Teotihuacà ¡n: Almost a thousand years before the Aztecs, the huge and carefully planned city of Teotihuacà ¡n (occupied between 200 BC and AD 750) flourished there. Today Teotihuacan is a popular archaeological site a few miles north of modern Mexico City that attracts thousands of tourists each year. The word Teotihuacà ¡n is a Nahuatl (the language spoken by the Aztecs) word meaning The Birthplace of the Gods. We dont know its real name, but the Aztecs gave this name to the city because it was a sacred place associated with the legendary origins of the world. Tula: Another city that developed in the Valley of Mexico before the Aztecs was the city of Tula, the early post-classic capital of the Toltecs between AD 950 and 1150. The Toltecs were considered by the Aztecs to be the ideal rulers, brave warriors who excelled in the arts and sciences. Tula was so revered by the Aztecs that the king Motecuhzoma (aka Montezuma) sent people to dig up Toltec objects for use in the temples at Tenochtitlà ¡n. The Mexica were awestruck by the massive structures built by the Tollans, considering Teotihuacan to be the sacred setting for the creation of the current world or Fifth Sun. The Aztecs carried away and reused objects from the sites: more than 40 Teotihuacan-style objects have been found in offerings within Tenochtitlans ceremonial precinct. Aztec Arrival in Tenochtitlà ¡n When the Mexica arrived in the Valley of Mexico about 1200 AD, both Teotihuacà ¡n and Tula had been abandoned for centuries; but other groups were already settled on the best land. These were groups of Chichimecs, related to the Mexica, who had migrated from the north in earlier times. The late-coming Mexica were forced to settle on the inhospitable hill of Chapultepec or Grasshopper Hill. There they became vassals of the city of Culhuacan, a prestigious city whose rulers were considered the heirs of the Toltecs. As acknowledgment for their assistance in battle, the Mexica were given one of the daughters of the King of Culhuacan to be worshiped as a goddess/priestess. When the king arrived to attend the ceremony, he found one of the Mexica priests dressed in the flayed skin of his daughter: the Mexica reported to the king that their God Huitzilopochtli had asked for the sacrifice of the princess. The sacrifice and flaying of the Culhua Princess provoked a ferocious battle, which the Mexica lost. They were forced to leave Chapultepec and move to some marshy islands in the middle of the lake. Tenochtitlà ¡n: Living in a Marshland After they were forced out of Chapultepec, according to the Mexica myth, the Aztecs wandered for weeks, searching for a place to settle. Huitzilopochtli appeared to the Mexica leaders and indicated a place where a great eagle was perched on a cactus killing a snake. This place, smack dab in the middle of a marsh with no proper ground at all, was where the Mexica founded their capital, Tenochtitlà ¡n. The year was 2 Calli (Two House) in the Aztec calendar, which translates in our modern calendars to AD 1325. The apparently unfortunate position of their city, in the middle of a marsh, actually facilitated economic connections and protected Tenochtitlà ¡n from military attacks by restricting access to the site by canoe or boat traffic. Tenochtitlà ¡n grew rapidly as both a commercial and military center. The Mexica were skillful and fierce soldiers and, despite the story of the Culhua princess, they were also able politicians who created solid alliances with the surrounding cities. Growing a Home in the Basin The city grew rapidly, with palaces and well-organized residential areas and aqueducts providing fresh water to the city from the mountains. At the center of the city stood the sacred precinct with ball courts, schools for nobles, and priests quarters. The ceremonial heart of the city and of the whole empire was the Great Temple of Mexico-Tenochtitlà ¡n, known as the Templo Mayor or Huey Teocalli (the Great House of the Gods). This was a stepped pyramid with a double temple on top dedicated to Huitzilopochtli and Tlaloc, the main deities of the Aztecs. The temple, decorated with bright colors, was rebuilt many times during Aztec history. The seventh and final version was seen and described by Hernà ¡n Cortà ©s and the conquistadors. When Cortà ©s and his soldiers entered the Aztec capital on November 8, 1519, they found one of the largest cities in the world. Sources Edited and updated by K. Kris Hirst Berdan FF. 2014. Aztec Archaeology and Ethnohistory. New York: Cambridge University Press.Healan D. 2012. The Archaeology of Tula, Hidalgo, Mexico. Journal of Archaeological Research 20(1):53-115.Smith ME. 2013. The Aztecs. New York: Wiley-Blackwell.Van Tuerenhout DR. 2005, The Aztecs: New Perspectives. Santa Barbara CA: ABC-CLIO Inc.

Family Assessment Essay - 1694 Words

FAMILY HEALTH ASSESSMENT FAMILY HEALTH ASSESSMENT My family health assessment was conducted using the 11 Gordon functional health pattern. Marjorie Gordon’s functional health pattern is a guide for establishing a comprehensive nursing date base, using the 11 categories enable nurses determines the following aspects of health and human function (Gordon 1987). The Gordon 11 functional health patterns are health perception/health management, nutrition, elimination, activity/exercise, cognitive, sleep/rest, self perception/self concept, roles and relationships, sexuality and reproduction, coping and stress tolerance, values and belief. This paper will summarize the findings of each health pattern as well as the family based nursing†¦show more content†¦They behave appropriately at school and their teachers like them and always acknowledge them for good behavior, conduct, participation and performance in class. The family also has good relationship with other families in the neighborhood. When it comes to roles and relati onship, both parents are employed and they both manage the finance of the family. Every member of the family has his / her own task. The house chores are divided amongst the children based on seniority, while the parents go to work and take care of the financial obligations of the family. They also help the children with cleaning, cooking, laundry, and school assignments. Both couples are sexually active when it comes to sexuality-reproduction, and they both express satisfaction to some extent in their sex relationship. On work schedules, father works from 9am to 7-8pm, and mother works 11pm-7:30am. Even with the rough schedules, they still communicate and find time for each other and also for the children. After being blessed with five children, intra-uterine device (IUD) is used by mother as a form of birth control method. The coping-stress pattern assesses the family’s ability to handle and manage stress effectively. The main stressful issue for this family was the opposi te work schedule, and father taking care of the four month old baby why mother is working midnight shift. Extended family members are not living close enough to help. TheShow MoreRelatedFamily Health Assessment : Family Assessment Essay1469 Words   |  6 PagesFamily Health Assessment Family is so important in the society and it is a blessing from God. Healthy behaviors learn from within the family and family member’s stimulus one to each other with health promotion practices. There fore, the health behaviors are very essential in the family assessment and which notifies health-promotion and disease-prevention. Within families, members will be the first one to learn about to promoting health. Families have impact on children’s lifestyle choices. 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Security Studies an Introduction and Facts about the Development

Question: Discuss about the Security Studies an Introduction and Facts about the Development Answer: Preparation: In preparing for the tutorial a few facts about the development of the world as it stands today got focused. Whenever people talk about my country or my nation, the basic thing that gets conveyed is that I or we jointly own this piece of land mass and you people who stay on this land mass are my subjects. Well that was the traditional outlook. With democracy setting in and politics taking a shape where there are no definite dynasties of rulers, the statement is almost saying the same thing but a little sugar coated. It is now said This piece of land belongs to all of us. Hence let us jointly exploit it, for which it will have to be protected against hazards. While the people are said to be the owners of the land a smaller group calls the cards. Anything that jeopardizes this stand is essentially a security hazard. Reflections: In the tutorial titled Security Studies an Introduction and authored by Paul D. Williams this concept has been suggested - in different words though. Security is stated to mean different to different people and that politics plays an important role in defining and thereby shaping public opinion. This works mentions that security id the safety of real people in real places and that sets the tone of the composition that it is going to beat about the bush, since it is slightly difficult to visualize unreal people and place. During the course of discussion it mentions about four basic questions which are, first, what is security, second is whose security, third, what makes a security issue and fourth and final is how to achieve security. Security is said to be the process of removing the threat to values that are cherished and if the threat strikes then these cherished values are lost. Regarding the question of whose security it states in very round-about way that it is the nation which may have many ethnic groups and/or classes within it. It speaks of not only external security but also internal aspects like economy, health and environment aspects Is major war obsolete? Preparation: Wars have been around ever since the beginning of the civilized society. External forces have always tried to take away the harvests of hard labor from the country which worked for it. In order to protect their wealth every nation always keeps itself ready to meet the external threats. Large scale war involving many nations is not conceivable today since the armory of the entire world is sufficient to destroy the world many times over. That should not be construed as the urge to take possession of others property by some means not only brutal force has been eliminated. Large scale war is no longer possible but then large scale aggression economic, industrial, social and cultural is very much prevalent to this day. Instead of chopping off the heads of the rival army personnel the emphasis has shifted to starvation, deprivation and humiliation. Reflection: In the article Is major war obsolete? written by M. Mandelbaum the start off is posing the same question and proceeding with the idea that wars are just means of mass destruction to life and property. It goes on to create the impression that war is no longer a viable option and uses many terminologies to defend its theory. It has recounted many aspects and has used many unusual terms which do not add value to the basic proposition of whether war is possible today or not. Conceptually the cost of war both direct and indirect or long term has become so huge that the international community is against it. With the rise of democratic forces the concept of war is slowly but surely going into oblivion. However, it may be reminded that the article is meaning wars in which one country fires against another for usually economic benefits in the long run. Most countries are born out of a war or at least strife. It is very pertinently noted that such countries which have come into being as a fall out or result of a war themselves go to war on various purposes. Reasons for war vary but the result is the same. Thus what has been so far called war gets changed to mean aggression of any kind launched by one nation on another to get hold of their economic resources has replaced war. Wars, which in the past, meant killing by way of use of weapons has been replaced by killing by taking away the source of lively hood of the population. This kind of war continues today and has become a trend under various names like globalization and economic reforms. The method of killing has only changed, the fact remains same. Thus wars will now take a different form and thoughtless blood-shed is on the way to become a thing of the past. Nuclear Zero the Best Option Preparation: The concept of going totally nuclear free is a utopian concept in todays world. No sensible leadership would even think of trusting the only super power of today i.e. United States of America about their stand of creating a nuclear free world. The smaller and less significant nations know the very old saying that Preparation for war is the way to achieve peace and they will keep themselves ready to be able to create a dent in case America was to rake up any unhealthy issue. Nations go to fight on apparently very flimsy ground and America is no exception. They have been launching offensives in the Middle East and Far East apparently on very flimsy and untenable grounds. The war in Vietnam which cost America a tidy fortune is a wealth of experience for the smaller countries of the world. Each nation must be in readiness for facing any offensive from the super power and this super power has the strength to ask others to go non-nuclear but they would like to remain the only one who is un questionable. The terrorist groups have a very huge power to inflict injuries on the super power though they may not be in a position today to take over the country. The loss of life and property to America by way of terrorist attacks create very strong public opinion against the state and therefore are best avoided. Reflections: The debate whether Nuclear Zero the Best Option has focused both views for and against the motion. While what is been stated in the agreements in favor of the motion recalls the various announcements by various head of state of United States of America about moving towards a nuclear free world they have not been able to substantiate with facts of this nuclear super power starting any activities for ensuring non proliferation of nuclear arms. The arguments presented by the people who have spoken against the motion appear more logical. That this super power has in the past been responsible for launching offensives against smaller and weaker nations on some pretext or the other gets mentioned in no uncertain terms. They want disarmament only to serve their own purpose of remaining free from the fears of any nuclear strike by especially the terrorist groups. Terrorist groups are quite capable of launching a nuclear strike only to flex their muscles. This is not what America would be re ady to accept. New Weapons for Old Problems: Conventional Proliferation and Military Effectiveness in Developing States Preparation: The developing nations which are not really in the category of serious threats to the already developed countries are very fast acquiring weaponries for making themselves stronger and fitter to resist any military aggression by their neighboring countries. It is a known fact that developing countries like India and Pakistan keep strengthening their arsenal only to ensure that they are safe from their neighbors. This is also seen in the Middle East, where acquiring arms is not anything unheard of. Reflections: This article with the heading New Weapons for Old Problems: Conventional Proliferation and Military Effectiveness in Developing States written by Christopher S. Parker delves in the issues of preparation for war in the under developed countries. These multiple countries which all have some economic or social or geographical strength are ever on logger heads for variety of reasons. The arms dealers are active in these areas and in quite a few cases the arms deals are clouded in mystery. If the super powers want the arms race to stop then the arms and ammunition manufacturing organizations have to be restricted and that is unspeakable in the global economy of today. From kadesh to Kandahar Military theory and the future of war Preparation: The under developed countries which are outside the super power block is arming themselves alarmingly. Does the western and advanced countries actively contribute to this situation is a question which comes to the mind. Reflections: A very pertinent question has been tried to be answered by the author and that question is that can the future of wars be predicted especially within the context of the present economic pressures on the advanced countries which has neared the saturation point. The most important idea that has been stated here is that however localized a conflict may be with the help of information technology it soon takes the size of a global issue. Thus this article is exposing the chances of regional conflicts escalating into wars where the super power block may have to get involved due to social pressure created by the dissemination of information by the global media and information technology. Cavalry to computer The pattern of military revolution Preparation: These are days when the war is fought with knowledge, wisdom and technology. Innumerable number of wars and battles has been lost due to the superior technology deployment of the adversary. This has been the trend in warfare as is evident from the history of mankind. Previously the war was fought on the muscle power of the soldiers but slowly the emphasis got placed on technique and support from non human fighters. This included guns, rifles, cannons etc and now the nuclear bomb. Frankly speaking why a country has to maintain an army at all, since in case they are attacked just launch an offensive by throwing a few nuclear bombs at the enemy. With the progress of technology the war has become a challenge for the creative mind and is no longer restrained to a robust physique. Reflections: The article Cavalry to computer The pattern of military revolution mentions just the same thing. It has shown that the pattern of warfare has been changing continuously and the learnings from previous wars have been carefully analyzed to create antidotes for the technologies which enjoyed a cutting edge on the battle fields. Technology, knowledge gained, wisdom of use and careful development of strengths and counter strengths have taken place in the world from time immemorial.

Strategic Leadership in Action

Summary of the Article The title of the article under discussion in this paper is ‘Google building android game console’. The article is authored by Amir Efrati and Ian Sherr and published in the wall street journal. The article is about Google’s competitive strategy in the information and communication technology industry. The company plans to introduce two new products (wristwatch and video game console) to the market.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Leadership in Action specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These products will be powered by Google’s android software launched in 2008 and will aim at combating Apple’s future devices and give the company (Google) a competitive edge. The two devices will also aim at expanding the usage of the android software beyond tablets and smart phones. Apart from the two devices, Google also plans to launch a second version of android c alled Nexus Q, which is used for live streaming of information. Statement of the intentions of the paper The paper intends to identify and elaborate some aspects of competitiveness which the authors did not address in the article. The only aspect of competitiveness addressed by the authors in the article is rivalry among existing competitors. However, they have not addressed bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers, threat of new entrants, threat of substitute products and services, product positioning and differentiation. Threat of new entrants In order to gain a portion of a market and build trust with the customers, new entrants usually come with unique approaches in any given industry. In most cases, they use pricing as a strategy of entering the markets. They do this by setting the prices of their products at low levels than those of the incumbents. Others may focus on improving the quality of their products so as to attract customers (Hill and Gareth 3). The r eduction of price and quality improvement makes the industry very competitive for the incumbents and sometimes they may be forced to quit the industry especially if the new entrants posses huge capital. In a reaction to price reduction and quality improvement, the incumbents may come up with strategies of putting barriers aimed at preventing new entrants from entering the industry. For example, they may adopt very sophisticated technologies which are not easily available. They may also consider putting barriers to the access of the distribution channels so that new entrants may be scared away by the restricted access to supply channels (Hill and Gareth 3). Another reaction by the incumbents is what is referred to as ‘supply-side economies of scale’ which enables the incumbents to produce large quantities of goods at relatively low costs per unit. Supply side economies of scale also cushion the incumbents from the threat of lowered prices by the new entrants. It also dis courages new entrants especially those who are not able to use price reduction as a strategy to penetrate the market and dislodge the incumbents (Hill and Gareth 3).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Bargaining power of suppliers In some industries, there are monopolies in terms of supply of goods or services. In such industries, the powerful suppliers are able to manipulate the prices of goods or services the way they want. A supplier is regarded as powerful if for instance, he or she does not depend on a particular industry for revenues and therefore, he or she can do without that particular industry. A powerful supplier is also one who supplies goods and services which are unique or one who has established a long term business relationship with certain companies. Powerful suppliers are also those who supply goods and services which cannot be substituted. A good example is p ilots and the aviation industry. This is because it is not easy to get well trained and qualified pilots within a short notice and therefore, the pilots’ unions may have a big bargaining power (Hill and Gareth 4). Another example is the Microsoft computer giant. It can decide to increase the price of operating systems. When this happens, the other computer dealers have no option other than cutting of their profits. In some cases, some powerful suppliers can also threaten to enter the markets themselves if the customers are not willing to purchase the goods at their desired prices. Companies may overcome this by having large capital base so that they can become suppliers themselves (Hill and Gareth 4). Bargaining power of buyers In some industries, there may be few but large buyers who purchase certain goods or services in bulk. Such buyers usually have a bargaining power to lower the price of goods or services in question because if the suppliers do not comply, they end up wi th minimal sales and profits. Buyers usually have power when the cost of switching suppliers is low and when the products in question are undifferentiated or are standardized. The bargaining power of buyers can affect the profitability of an industry because they may lower buying prices and then lower their selling prices. When this happens, the people who suffer are the other small dealers in the industry and the suppliers. Buyers can increase their competitive strategy by teaming up and setting the buying price of the products at a certain level. This can cushion them from unscrupulous suppliers and new entrants (Hill and Gareth 5). Threat of substitute products or services A substitute is a product which plays similar function as the original product. Examples of substitutes include the electronic mail as a substitute for sending letters by mail, video conferencing as a substitute of actual conferences and the use of plastics instead of aluminum products. Substitutes usually act as a threat to some industries, especially when they are priced in a friendly manner than the original products and when the cost of switching vendors is relatively low. Companies can guard themselves from the threat of substitutes by differentiation of their products and by teaming up to influence government policy on the introduction of substitute goods in the market (Hill and Gareth 6).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Leadership in Action specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Differentiation and Positioning In marketing, differentiation can be defined as the process of distinguishing a product or service from the rest through describing the major differences between the product or service and other products or services. As mentioned earlier, differentiation is one of the aspects of competitiveness done with a view of creating a market niche for a particular product or service. Differentiation seeks to cr eate a positive image of a particular product among the targeted consumers so as to ensure that they perceive it as unique and different from other similar products (Armstrong and Kotler 26). Product differentiation prevents the targeted consumers from comparing a particular product with others thus giving that particular product a competitive advantage over the others. When doing differentiation, the marketing departments of companies mainly use advertisement, promotions, improved product quality, lowering or increasing the prices of products and ignorance of the consumers regarding the price and quality of the product being differentiated (Armstrong and Kotler 26). Some companies may differentiate several products at the same time with the aim of acquiring a certain number of customers for the differentiated products or services; a concept called positioning. Positioning entails the use of various strategies like promotion, distribution of products or services and production of un ique products with unique pricing to build an identity of a particular company or organization in the minds of particular consumers. Through positioning, companies are able to stabilize and retain the positions of differentiated products thus retaining the competitive advantage of the company in regard to those products. In order for a company to create and maintain a particular position in a market, it needs to do a thorough research and be consistent in monitoring of market trends so as to modify or readjust the differentiation and positioning strategies for its respective products. Conclusion From the above discussion, it has emerged that competitiveness is a multidimensional concept. Many companies usually focus on their rivalry with existing competitors in designing their competitive strategies. This is the case with Google Inc. as featured in the article ‘Google Building Android Game Console’ by Amir Efrati and Ian Sherr and published in the wall street journal. H owever, there are other aspects of competitiveness which can enhance a company’s position in a certain industry. These include bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers, threat of new entrants, threat of substitute products and services, product positioning and differentiation. When all these aspects of competitiveness are taken into consideration, companies are able to enhance their competitiveness in their respective industries.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Works Cited Armstrong, Gary, and K. Philiph. Marketing. An Introduction, Prentice Hall: Pearson Education Company, 2009.Print. Hill, Charles, and J. Gareth. Strategic management: an integrated approach. Boston: Enfield Publishers, 2007.Print. This essay on Strategic Leadership in Action was written and submitted by user Albert Coffey to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.